Recognize the symptoms of prostate cancer, early diagnosis so that it can be prevented with proper treatment before the cancer becomes more severe. In this article contains about the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that grows in the prostate gland. cancer is occurs in male. Symptoms of this cancer are not felt because the progress is very slowly.
no one knows the cause of the cancer, although some researchers have shown that cancer relationship with increased levels of testosterone. Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in male No. 3. Prostate cancer is rarely found in male aged less than 40 years old. black men aged over 60 years has a probability of occurrence of this cancer. The lowest incidence was found in Japanese men and vegetarians.
Prostate cancer is categorized into:
* Stage A: lump / tumor can not be palpable on physical examination, usually discovered by accident after prostate surgery for other diseases.
* Stage B: tumor confined to the prostate and usually found on physical examination or PSA test.
* Stage C: tumor has spread outside the prostate capsule, but not yet spread to lymph nodes.
* Stage D: Cancer has spread (metastasis) to the regional lymph nodes or other body parts (eg bones and lungs).
SYMPTOMS
Prostate cancer usually develops slowly and does not cause symptoms until the cancer has reached an advanced stage.
Sometimes the symptoms resemble BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), which is a difficulty in urination and frequent urination. Symptoms are due to cancer causing partial blockage of urine flow through the urethra.
Prostate cancer can cause red urine (because it contains blood) or urine caused the sudden arrest.
In some cases, newly diagnosed prostate cancer after spread to the bone (especially the pelvic bones, ribs and spine) or to the kidneys (causing kidney failure.)
Painful bone cancer and brittle bones become so susceptible to fractures (broken bones).
After the cancer spreads, usually the patient will suffer from anemia.
Prostate cancer can also spread to the brain and cause seizures and mental or other neurological symptoms.
Other symptoms are:
* Immediately after urination, the urine usually still dripping
* Pain when urinating
* Pain when ejaculating
* lower back pain
* Pain when defecating
* nocturia (urination at night)
* Incontinence uri (beser)
* Bone pain or bone pain when pressed
* Hematuria (blood in urine)
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss.
DIAGNOSIS
The best way to screen for prostate cancer is to perform digital rectal examination and blood tests.
Digital rectal prostate cancer patients will show the existence of hard lumps of irregular shape.
On examination the blood was measured levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), which is usually elevated in patients with prostate cancer, but also can increase (not too high) in patients with BPH.
If the digital rectal examination found a lump, then conducted an ultrasound examination.
By doing Skening X-rays or bone, can be known of the spread of cancer to bone.
Other tests are usually done:
* Analysis of the urine
* Cytology Urine or prostatic fluid
* prostate biopsy.
TREATMENT
Appropriate treatment for prostate cancer is still debated.
Treatment options vary, depending on the stage:
* In the early stages can be used prostatectomy (removal of prostate) and radiation therapy
* If the cancer has spread, it could be hormonal manipulation (to reduce testosterone levels through medication or removal of the testes) or chemotherapy.
Surgery
1. Radical prostatectomy (removal of the prostate gland).
Often performed on stage cancer A and B.
The procedure is long and usually performed under general anesthesia or spinal.
An incision is made in the abdomen and the perineum and the patient had to undergo hospital treatment for 5-7 harai.
Complications that may occur is Impotensia and incontinence uri.
In patients who are still active sexual life, can be potency-sparing radical prostatectomy.
2. Orkiektomi (removal of the testes, castration).
Removal of both testicles cause a reduction in testosterone levels, but this procedure causes physical and psychological effects that can not be tolerated by the patient.
Orkiektomi is an effective treatment, does not require re-treatment, is cheaper than drugs and after undergoing Orkiektomi patient does not need to undergo hospital treatment.
Orkiektomi usually done on the cancer that has spread.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is primarily used to treat cancer stages A, B and C.
Usually if the risk of surgery is too high, then do radiation therapy.
Radiation therapy to the prostate gland can be done in several ways:
1. External radiation therapy, performed in a hospital without having to undergo hospitalization.
The side effects of decreased appetite, fatigue, skin reactions (such as redness and irritation), injury or burns to the rectum, diarrhea, cystitis (bladder infection) and hematuria.
External radiation therapy is usually performed 5 times / week for 6-8 weeks.
2. Transplant grains of iodine, or iridium radioactive gold directly on prostate tissue through small incisions.
The advantage of this form of radiation therapy is that radiation is directed directly to the prostate with surrounding tissue damage less.
Medicine
1. Hormonal manipulation.
The goal is to reduce testosterone levels.
Decrease in testosterone levels are often very effective in preventing the growth and spread of cancer.
Hormonal manipulation is mainly used to relieve symptoms without curing the cancer, ie for example in patients whose cancer has spread.
Synthetic drug whose function resembles LHRH (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone), increasingly used to treat advanced-stage prostate cancer. An example is Lupron or zoladeks.
This medicine suppress the formation of stimulating the testes to testosterone (this is called chemical castration because it has the same result with the removal of the testes).
The medicine given in the form of injections, usually every 3 months.
The side effects are nausea and vomiting, facial redness, anemia, osteoporosis and impotence.
Other medicine used for hormonal therapy is androgen inhibitors (eg flutamid), which serves to prevent the attachment of testosterone on prostate cells.
The side effects are impotence, liver problems, diarrhea, and gynecomastia (breast enlargement).
2. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is often used to treat symptoms of prostate cancer resistant to hormonal treatment.
Usually given a single medicine or combination some medicines to destroy cancer cells.
Medicines that can be used to treat prostate cancer are:
- Mitoxantronx
- Prednisone
- Paclitaxel
- Dosetaxel
- Estramustin
- Adriamycin.
The side effects vary and depend on the medicine given.
Observation
Whatever type of treatment he underwent, the patient will be monitored closely on the development of the disease.
Monitoring include:
* Blood tests to determine PSA levels (usually every 3 months - 1 years old).
* Skening and / or CT scan to determine the spread of bone cancer.
* Complete blood examination to monitor the signs and symptoms of anemia.
* Monitoring for signs and other symptoms indicating disease progression (such as fatigue, weight loss, more severe pain, decreased bowel and bladder function, and weakness).
Prostate cancer is categorized into:
* Stage A: lump / tumor can not be palpable on physical examination, usually discovered by accident after prostate surgery for other diseases.
* Stage B: tumor confined to the prostate and usually found on physical examination or PSA test.
* Stage C: tumor has spread outside the prostate capsule, but not yet spread to lymph nodes.
* Stage D: Cancer has spread (metastasis) to the regional lymph nodes or other body parts (eg bones and lungs).
SYMPTOMS
Prostate cancer usually develops slowly and does not cause symptoms until the cancer has reached an advanced stage.
Sometimes the symptoms resemble BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), which is a difficulty in urination and frequent urination. Symptoms are due to cancer causing partial blockage of urine flow through the urethra.
Prostate cancer can cause red urine (because it contains blood) or urine caused the sudden arrest.
In some cases, newly diagnosed prostate cancer after spread to the bone (especially the pelvic bones, ribs and spine) or to the kidneys (causing kidney failure.)
Painful bone cancer and brittle bones become so susceptible to fractures (broken bones).
After the cancer spreads, usually the patient will suffer from anemia.
Prostate cancer can also spread to the brain and cause seizures and mental or other neurological symptoms.
Other symptoms are:
* Immediately after urination, the urine usually still dripping
* Pain when urinating
* Pain when ejaculating
* lower back pain
* Pain when defecating
* nocturia (urination at night)
* Incontinence uri (beser)
* Bone pain or bone pain when pressed
* Hematuria (blood in urine)
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss.
DIAGNOSIS
The best way to screen for prostate cancer is to perform digital rectal examination and blood tests.
Digital rectal prostate cancer patients will show the existence of hard lumps of irregular shape.
On examination the blood was measured levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), which is usually elevated in patients with prostate cancer, but also can increase (not too high) in patients with BPH.
If the digital rectal examination found a lump, then conducted an ultrasound examination.
By doing Skening X-rays or bone, can be known of the spread of cancer to bone.
Other tests are usually done:
* Analysis of the urine
* Cytology Urine or prostatic fluid
* prostate biopsy.
TREATMENT
Appropriate treatment for prostate cancer is still debated.
Treatment options vary, depending on the stage:
* In the early stages can be used prostatectomy (removal of prostate) and radiation therapy
* If the cancer has spread, it could be hormonal manipulation (to reduce testosterone levels through medication or removal of the testes) or chemotherapy.
Surgery
1. Radical prostatectomy (removal of the prostate gland).
Often performed on stage cancer A and B.
The procedure is long and usually performed under general anesthesia or spinal.
An incision is made in the abdomen and the perineum and the patient had to undergo hospital treatment for 5-7 harai.
Complications that may occur is Impotensia and incontinence uri.
In patients who are still active sexual life, can be potency-sparing radical prostatectomy.
2. Orkiektomi (removal of the testes, castration).
Removal of both testicles cause a reduction in testosterone levels, but this procedure causes physical and psychological effects that can not be tolerated by the patient.
Orkiektomi is an effective treatment, does not require re-treatment, is cheaper than drugs and after undergoing Orkiektomi patient does not need to undergo hospital treatment.
Orkiektomi usually done on the cancer that has spread.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is primarily used to treat cancer stages A, B and C.
Usually if the risk of surgery is too high, then do radiation therapy.
Radiation therapy to the prostate gland can be done in several ways:
1. External radiation therapy, performed in a hospital without having to undergo hospitalization.
The side effects of decreased appetite, fatigue, skin reactions (such as redness and irritation), injury or burns to the rectum, diarrhea, cystitis (bladder infection) and hematuria.
External radiation therapy is usually performed 5 times / week for 6-8 weeks.
2. Transplant grains of iodine, or iridium radioactive gold directly on prostate tissue through small incisions.
The advantage of this form of radiation therapy is that radiation is directed directly to the prostate with surrounding tissue damage less.
Medicine
1. Hormonal manipulation.
The goal is to reduce testosterone levels.
Decrease in testosterone levels are often very effective in preventing the growth and spread of cancer.
Hormonal manipulation is mainly used to relieve symptoms without curing the cancer, ie for example in patients whose cancer has spread.
Synthetic drug whose function resembles LHRH (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone), increasingly used to treat advanced-stage prostate cancer. An example is Lupron or zoladeks.
This medicine suppress the formation of stimulating the testes to testosterone (this is called chemical castration because it has the same result with the removal of the testes).
The medicine given in the form of injections, usually every 3 months.
The side effects are nausea and vomiting, facial redness, anemia, osteoporosis and impotence.
Other medicine used for hormonal therapy is androgen inhibitors (eg flutamid), which serves to prevent the attachment of testosterone on prostate cells.
The side effects are impotence, liver problems, diarrhea, and gynecomastia (breast enlargement).
2. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is often used to treat symptoms of prostate cancer resistant to hormonal treatment.
Usually given a single medicine or combination some medicines to destroy cancer cells.
Medicines that can be used to treat prostate cancer are:
- Mitoxantronx
- Prednisone
- Paclitaxel
- Dosetaxel
- Estramustin
- Adriamycin.
The side effects vary and depend on the medicine given.
Observation
Whatever type of treatment he underwent, the patient will be monitored closely on the development of the disease.
Monitoring include:
* Blood tests to determine PSA levels (usually every 3 months - 1 years old).
* Skening and / or CT scan to determine the spread of bone cancer.
* Complete blood examination to monitor the signs and symptoms of anemia.
* Monitoring for signs and other symptoms indicating disease progression (such as fatigue, weight loss, more severe pain, decreased bowel and bladder function, and weakness).
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