Tardigrada / Tardigrade is also called as the Water Bear is a kind of
microscopic animals who live in water, have eight feet and invertebrates.
Tardigrade named (slow walkers) by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1777. Dubbed as well
as the Water Bear since limping like a bear. These animals vary in size, the
smallest size of less than 0.1 mm, while the largest is only about 1.5 mm.
Tardigrada has a fat body like a caterpillar with the head on the front
& 4 segments behind. In each segment there is a pair of clawed feet on the
end. Based on observations on the inside of his body, Tardigrada known to have
a simple organ systems. They are known to have no respiratory or circulatory
systems such as high-level animals. Instead, they breathe with the skin &
use gempalnya body to pump body fluids. Their digestive system is also very
simple in which food is ingested flowed into a channel-like gut to be absorbed
and then dumped the remains through the anus.
Tardigrada was was known for a long time by humans. Tardigrada first
discovered by Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773. Some people also argue that
the inventor of the microscope, Anthony van Leeuwenhok is the person who first
discovered Tardigrada when in the year 1702, he took the dust from the roof of
his house and flush with hot water to see the creatures living in it, including
the Tardigrada. The name "Tardigrada" given by Lazzaro Spallanzani in
1777 which means "slow walker". The nickname "water bears"
itself is given by way of passage like a bear movement when walking with a 4
feet. A more in-depth study about a new self Tardigrada done in the 20th
century.
how this animals live ?
The majority of Tardigrada eat plant material such as moss and algae in
which living Tardigrada. Small-sized species that also eat bacteria, while a
small portion karniora Tardigrada is a consuming small animals such as
nematodes, mites, and even other Tardigrada. They feed by sucking the body
fluids of prey through the mouth is shaped like penghisap.Pemangsa Tardigrada
animals themselves are small carnivores such as insects, ticks, spiders, to
other Tardigrada.
Most of the Tardigrada found two homeless men, meaning their have two sex
organs as well as in body, but only one active organ. In some species, the only
active female genital organs which raises the presumption that the Tardigrada
can reproduce by parthenogenesis (without the process of creating a descendant
of first marriage), as do aphids (aphids) and stick insects.
In Tardigrada populations that live in moss there are also individual male
& female. In other words, even though hermaphrodites, Tardigrada also
consciously do to add variety breeding their offspring. Tardigrada itself is
ovipar, meaning their lay eggs. Eggs are removed can be stored on the
Tardigrada of their skin, while in some other species laid eggs just like that
in the surrounding environment. Tardigrada of newly hatched chicks are very
similar to the Tardigrada adults, but the smaller size & their do the change
of skin repeatedly until adulthood. Tardigrada normally live between 4 months -
1 year, but could increase their life span is much longer when the "phase
of coma" kind kriptobiosis.
where this animals live ?
Tardigrada is an animal with an incredible spread. Since its first
discovery in the late 18th century, scientists have discovered Tardigrada in
various places in the world, ranging from the mountains, behind boulders of
ice, rain forest, perairanair salt & fresh water, until the desert sand. The
highest altitude is known to live in Tardigrada is 6,000 m above sea level,
while the lowest was found in the depths of the ocean as far as 4000 m. They
are even found on a remote volcanic island from the outside world.
what this animal capability ?
Things that make Tardigrada small animals so special is his expertise to
survive in extreme conditions. Tardigrada can be through "phase of
coma" like anoksibiosis & kriptobiosis. Anoksibiosis is conducted
Tardigrada phase that live on land when conditions around it filled with water.
In this phase, Tardigrada will pump up his body like a balloon so he could
float in water up to several days. Once the environmental conditions around it
was more dry, their returned to normal phase and move as usual.
Phase coma "other more admirable than Tardigrada is kriptobiosis
phase. This phase is carried out when conditions become unfavorable environment
such as too dry, increased levels of toxins in the surrounding areas, or when
the temperature in their environment is too high / low. While doing this phase,
will Tardigrada pull his foot into, scrunching his body until only the size of
1 / 3 the original, then coat the skin with a kind of wax material. In this
phase, metabolism Tardigradabisa dropped dramatically to almost not be detected
again by the equipment man, while the moisture content in the body decreases to
less than 1%. As soon as the conditions in the vicinity was returned
profitable, - just like anoksibiosis - Tardigrada will back the move as usual.
Tardigradajuga require a certain period of time to return to the normal phase,
depending on how long he did kriptobiosis.
Ability during phase kriptobiosis Tardigrada is a topic that became the
center of attention of scientists today. They are can get through phase kriptobiosis
without eating and drinking till the very long term. Some species are known to
Tardigrada through kripobiosis phase until a period of 10 years in a dry
environment, the time is even much longer than normal life span of its own. One
report written by Asari in 1998 even showed that Tardigrada kriptobiosis can
get through this phase until a period of 120 years & still alive!
Unfortunately, this great little animals live only a few minutes after the
"rose from the grave", and then die. However, Guidetti & Johnson
in his journal in 2002 doubted the writing of Asari (1998) because of
Tardigrada showed only signs of life through his leg movement vague.
Other capabilities of Tardigrada remarkable
is its ability
to tolerate
very high
temperatures and very low.
Tardigrada
known to
stay alive
when
boiled
alive
in a
temperature of
151
° C for several minutes and kept in conditions of
minus
200
degrees
C for several days! Remarkably, the cells of their bodies
no damage, whereas normal protein constituent
of cells
in
temperatures
near
the boiling point
will be
damaged
because of
decomposition, while cells that
are
at a temperature
of minus a few degrees C will be broken because the fluid in their cells
freeze
and
expand. Species that live in polar regions
through a
phase
kriptobiosis
trusted
regularly
(regularly) when the temperature
in the
neighborhood
declined
sharply
and
food
hard to
find.
Tardigrada are also known to have survived in a state with relatively high
levels of radioactivity. They are are known to survive even if irradiated with
gamma ray dose of up to 5,000. Raul M. May from the University of Paris also
found that new Tardigrada could be killed if exposed to X-rays (for the
purposes of Roentgen rays) up to 570,000 doses. For comparison, the dose of
gamma rays at 20 and / or X-ray dose of 500 alone was fatal to humans. Crowe
(1971) in his journal in phase kriptobiosis hypothesize metabolism activity
stopped so that elements such as water and oxygen is not in the body, while
reactions that are destructive (destructive) require these elements to keep it
running. Because of its ability, their are the only species known to be seen
under the electron microscope in a state of alive.
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